The Anatomy of a 3D Printer: Controller Boards

Whereas some elements of 3D printers are fairly standardized, like motors, belt sizes, and even the movement system, there’s a big selection in what truly does all of the work: the controller board.

Some printers have actually huge boards with room to develop for extra options sooner or later, whereas others have simply sufficient to satisfy all of the features that the printer was designed for. Some have built-in stepper drivers whereas others have separate stepper drivers – the elements that dictate to the stepper motors the way to transfer, and to find out about these, we’ll have a hyperlink to that. Let’s check out what makes a controller board work, what you may discover on it, and what options are pretty customary.

What does it do?

Typically known as the motherboard, the controller board takes the inputs (G-code) and outputs to the remainder of the printer’s mechatronics what to do with it (actions). “M109 S60” means nothing, however the controller board is aware of that “M109”
means “warmth up and anticipate the mattress to achieve a temperature” and “S60” means “Set to 60 levels C.” We’ll get to the specifics of the way it interprets these inputs one other day, as a result of that translation is completed by the “firmware” put in within the controller board.

Processors

It doesn’t matter what controller board you’re , there will probably be a chip on it that does all of the computing. A few of them are 8-bit, just like the ATmega2560, and others are 32-bit like ARM processors. When you’re in any respect acquainted with computer systems or video video games, you then may be considering “these can’t imply the identical factor.” Sure, an enormous variety of 3D printers are operating on processors which have almost the identical capabilities because the processor in a Nintendo Leisure System, and in lots of circumstances, simply on the threshold of getting sufficient processing energy to compute the actions crucial for a 3D printer.

Delta 3D printers have to do a whole lot of calculations to determine the way to transfer their three motors on the similar time, and that may choke up the processor. Give it some thought this manner: the board must each calculate the way to transfer and dictate to the motors to maneuver in a selected path and acceleration, which is a whole lot of data to compute. When it’s caught calculating issues, the remainder of the system doesn’t know what to do till it’s completed computing the following line, making a stutter at greatest or a pause at worst in your print. 32-bit boards remedy these form of issues twofold: by having extra energy to do these calculations and having the room to look additional forward with actions to, for essentially the most half, keep forward of the curve not have these stutters.

Options

Connectors

By way of options, each board could have both screw terminals, the place you tighten down a screw over a wire join it to the board, or dupont connectors, that are pins which have a standardized spacing between them, which may both be discovered as pins protruding of the board, pins protruding of the board with a notched socket so issues can solely be plugged in a technique (polarized), or sockets for the pins of one thing else to plug into. There’s professionals and cons to both setup, like screw terminals would will let you reorder the wires of a stepper motor if it’s not transferring accurately, however it’s important to be sure you have simply that the screw is tightened down over it and it’ll keep actually safe.

Capabilities

Relying on if the board you’re looking at was designed particularly for one machine, just like the boards in pastime stage printers like Creality printers and even Ultimakers, or if they’re standalone boards like Azteegs, RAMBos, or RAMPS, that you’ll find in a pair completely different manufacturers of printers. The precise boards will normally have simply sufficient connections for the {hardware} of the 3D printer, like if it doesn’t include a heated mattress, then there most likely gained’t be terminals so that you can improve to a heated mattress later. The standalone boards can include 4 thermistor ports to measure temperature, 6 endstops, two hotend ports, 6 stepper plugs, and so forth. They’re designed to have as many options as doable to swimsuit the wants of as many individuals as they will.

Stepper Drivers

Like I beforehand mentioned with stepper drivers, some controller boards have the stepper drivers built-in into the board, whereas others have them as separate boards that plug in. Stepper drivers built-in with the board have higher thermal dissipation as a result of it could use the entire board as a heatsink, but when for some motive a stepper motor stops transferring and the driving force is in charge, you both want to interchange your complete controller board, or very rigorously carry out slightly surgical procedure and swap out the lifeless stepper driver. If the stepper driver plugs in, simply take away the lifeless driver and plop in a brand new one.

Communication

For communication, the commonest connector for boards USB Kind A, however I’ve seen others which have USB micro or USB mini. Some use Ethernet to affix the 3D printer to a house or work community to have the ability to print from a special room, and even additional some have Wifi capabilities (with password safety so not simply anybody can entry it). There’s nothing inherently higher with one over one other, however one factor to think about is that in case you are printer over USB, be sure that the pc related to it is not busy doing different duties. Watching movies, display capturing, 3D modeling, AND 3D printing, all on the similar time could cause a stutter within the print as a result of your laptop simply has too many duties operating without delay.

When you’re printing over Wifi or Ethernet you’ll want to see in case your printer can add all the gcode onto the board moderately than streaming it to the printer. As a result of identical to with Netflix, when you’re attempting to make use of Wifi at peak hours, you are going to have to buffer. That is why printers just like the Ultimaker 3, Ultimaker S5, or Makergear M3 all have the entire Gcode uploaded to forestall that from taking place.

That about covers the {hardware} of controller boards for 3D printers, however maintain your eyes peeled for an article sooner or later about what goes on behind the scenes: the firmware. That is what truly does the translating, calculating, and dictating. In order that’s it! There’s a whole lot of completely different controller boards on the market, so I’d love to listen to within the feedback down under which one is your favourite, as a result of mine has positively turn into the Duet Wifi. The options it has, the interface over Wifi, how easy and quiet a printer will run all elevate it in my rankings.

Pleased printing!