Constructing a real-time ICU affected person analytics pipeline with AWS Lambda occasion supply mapping

In hospital intensive care models (ICUs), steady affected person monitoring is vital. Medical gadgets generate huge quantities of real-time information on very important indicators akin to coronary heart fee, blood stress, and oxygen saturation. The important thing problem lies in early detection of affected person deterioration by means of very important signal trending. Healthcare groups should course of hundreds of knowledge factors every day per affected person to determine regarding patterns, a activity essential for well timed intervention and probably life-saving care.

AWS Lambda occasion supply mapping may also help on this situation by robotically polling information streams and triggering features in real-time with out further infrastructure administration. Through the use of AWS Lambda for real-time processing of sensor information and storing aggregated ends in safe information constructions designed for giant analytic datasets referred to as Iceberg tables in Amazon Easy Storage Service (Amazon S3) buckets, medical groups can obtain each instant alerting capabilities and acquire long-term analytical insights, enhancing their means to offer well timed and efficient care.

On this publish, we display easy methods to construct a serverless structure that processes real-time ICU affected person monitoring information utilizing Lambda occasion supply mapping for instant alert technology and information aggregation, adopted by persistent storage in Amazon S3 with an Iceberg catalog for complete healthcare analytics. The answer demonstrates easy methods to deal with high-frequency very important signal information, implement vital threshold monitoring, and create a scalable analytics platform that may develop together with your healthcare group’s wants and assist monitor sensor alert fatigue within the ICU.

Structure

The next structure diagram illustrates a real-time ICU affected person analytics system.

On this structure, real-time affected person monitoring information from hospital ICU sensors is ingested into AWS IoT Core, which then streams the info into Amazon Kinesis Information Streams. Two Lambda features eat this streaming information concurrently for various functions, each utilizing Lambda occasion supply mapping integration with Kinesis Information Streams. The primary Lambda operate makes use of the filtering function of occasion supply mapping to detect vital well being occasions the place SpO2(blood oxygen saturation) ranges fall beneath 90%, instantly triggering notifications to caregivers by means of Amazon Easy Notification Service (Amazon SNS) for speedy response. The second Lambda operate employs the tumbling window function of occasion supply mapping to combination sensor information over 10-minute time intervals. This aggregated information is then systematically saved in S3 buckets in Apache Iceberg format for historic evaluation and reporting. Your entire pipeline operates in a serverless method, offering scalable, real-time processing of vital healthcare information whereas sustaining each instant alerting capabilities and long-term information storage for analytics.

Amazon S3 information, with its help for Apache Iceberg desk format, permits healthcare organizations to effectively retailer and question giant volumes of time-series affected person information. This resolution permits for advanced analytical queries throughout historic affected person information whereas sustaining excessive efficiency and price effectivity.

Conditions

To implement the answer supplied on this publish, it’s best to have the next:

• An energetic AWS account
• IAM permissions to deploy CloudFormation templates and provision AWS sources
• Python put in in your machine to run the ICU affected person sensor information simulator code

Deploy a real-time ICU affected person analytics pipeline utilizing CloudFormation

You employ AWS CloudFormation templates to create the sources for a real-time information analytics pipeline.

1. To get began, Register to the console as Account consumer and choose the suitable Area.
2. Obtain and launch CloudFormation template  the place you need to host the Lambda features.
3. Select Subsequent.
4. On the Specify stack particulars web page, enter a Stack title (for instance, IoTHealthMonitoring).
5. For Parameters, enter the next:
   1. IoTTopic: Enter the MQTT subject to your IoT gadgets (for instance, icu/sensors).
   2. EmailAddress: Enter an e mail deal with for receiving notifications.
6. Look forward to the stack creation to finish. This course of would possibly take 5-10 minutes.
7. After the CloudFormation stack completes, it creates following sources:
   1. An AWS IoT Core rule to seize information from the desired IoTTopic subject and routes it to Kinesis information stream.
   2. A Kinesis information stream for ingesting IoT sensor information.
   3. Two Lambda features:
      • FilterSensorData: Displays vital well being metrics and sends alerts.
      • AggregateSensorData: Aggregates sensor information in 10 minutes window.
   4. An Amazon DynamoDB desk (NotificationTimestamps) to retailer notification timestamps for fee limiting alerts.
   5. An Amazon SNS subject and subscription to ship e mail notifications for vital affected person circumstances.
   6. An Amazon Information Firehose supply stream to ship processed information to Amazon S3 utilizing Iceberg format.
   7. Amazon S3 buckets to retailer sensor information.
   8. Amazon Athena and AWS Glue sources for the database and an Iceberg desk for querying aggregated information.
   9. AWS Identification and Entry Administration (IAM) roles and insurance policies to help required permissions for Amazon IoT guidelines, Lambda features, and Information Firehose streams.
   10. Amazon CloudWatch log teams to file for Kinesis Firehose exercise and Lambda features.

Resolution walkthrough

Now that you simply’ve deployed the answer, let’s overview a useful walkthrough. First, simulate affected person very important indicators information and ship it to AWS IoT Core utilizing the next Python code in your native machine. To run this code efficiently, guarantee you’ve gotten the required IAM permissions to publish messages to the IoT subject within the AWS account the place the answer is deployed.

import boto3
import json
import random
import time
# AWS IoT Information shopper
iot_data_client = boto3.shopper(
    'iot-data',
    region_name="us-west-2"
)
# IOT Subject to publish
subject="icu/sensors"
# Fastened set of affected person IDs
patient_ids = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
print("Infinite sensor information simulation...")
strive:
    whereas True:
        for patient_id in patient_ids:
            # Generate sensor information
            message = {
                "patient_id": patient_id,
                "timestamp": int(time.time()),
                "spo2": random.randint(91, 99),
                "heart_rate": random.randint(60, 100),
                "temperature_f": spherical(random.uniform(97.0, 100.0), 1)
            }
            # Publish to subject
            response = iot_data_client.publish(
                subject=subject,
                qos=1,
                payload=json.dumps(message)
            )
            print(f"Revealed: {message}")
        # Wait 30 seconds earlier than subsequent spherical
        print("Sleeping for 30 seconds...n")
        time.sleep(30)
besides KeyboardInterrupt:
    print("nSimulation stopped by consumer.")

The next is the format of a pattern ICU sensor message produced by the simulator.

{
    "patient_id": 1,
    "timestamp": 1683000000,
    "spo2": 85,
    "heart_rate": 75,
    "temperature_f": 98.6
}

Information is revealed to the icu/sensors IoT subject each 30 seconds for 10 completely different sufferers, making a steady stream of ICU affected person monitoring information. Messages revealed to AWS IoT Core are handed to Kinesis Information Streams utilizing the next message routing rule deployed by our resolution.

Two Lambda features eat information from Information Streams concurrently, each utilizing the Lambda occasion supply mapping integration with Kinesis Information Streams.

Occasion supply mapping

Lambda occasion supply mapping robotically triggers Lambda features in response to information modifications from supported occasion sources like Amazon DynamoDB Streams, Amazon Kinesis Information Streams, Amazon Easy Queue Service (Amazon SQS), Amazon MQ, and Amazon Managed Streaming for Apache Kafka. This serverless integration works by having Lambda ballot these sources for brand spanking new data, that are then processed in configurable batch sizes starting from 1 to 10,000 data. When new information is detected, Lambda robotically invokes the operate synchronously, dealing with the scaling robotically based mostly on the workload. The service helps at-least-once supply and offers strong error dealing with by means of retry insurance policies and dead-letter queues for failed occasions. Occasion supply mappings might be fine-tuned by means of numerous parameters akin to batch home windows, most file age, and retry makes an attempt, making them extremely adaptable to completely different use instances. This function is especially worthwhile in event-driven architectures, in order that prospects can deal with enterprise logic whereas AWS manages the complexities of occasion processing, scaling, and reliability.

Occasion supply mapping makes use of tumbling home windows and filtering to course of and analyze information.

Tumbling home windows

Tumbling home windows in Lambda occasion processing allow information aggregation in fastened, non-overlapping time intervals, the place every occasion belongs to precisely one window. That is superb for time-based analytics and periodic reporting. When mixed with occasion supply mapping, this strategy permits environment friendly batch processing of occasions inside outlined time intervals (for instance, 10-minute home windows), enabling calculations akin to common very important indicators or cumulative fluid consumption and output whereas optimizing operate invocations and useful resource utilization.

If you configure an occasion supply mapping between Kinesis Information Streams and a Lambda operate, use the Tumbling Window Period setting, which seems within the set off configuration within the Lambda console. The answer you deployed utilizing the CloudFormation template consists of the AggregateSensorData Lambda operate, which makes use of a 10-minute tumbling window configuration. Relying on the amount of messages flowing by means of the Amazon Kinesis stream, the AggregateSensorData operate might be invoked a number of occasions for every 10-minute window, sequentially, with the next attributes within the occasion provided to the operate.

• Window begin and finish: The start and ending timestamps for the present tumbling window.
• State: An object containing the state returned from the earlier window, which is initially empty. The state object can comprise as much as 1 MB of knowledge.
• isFinalInvokeForWindow: Signifies if that is the final invocation for the tumbling window. This solely happens as soon as per window interval.
• isWindowTerminatedEarly: A window ends early provided that the state exceeds the utmost allowed dimension of 1 MB.

In a tumbling window, there’s a collection of Lambda invocations within the following sample:

AggregateSensorData Lambda code snippet:

def handler(occasion, context):
    
    state_across_window = occasion['state']
    # Iterate by means of every file and decode the base64 information
    for file in occasion['Records']:
        encoded_data = file['kinesis']['data']
        partition_key = file['kinesis']['partitionKey']
        decoded_bytes = base64.b64decode(encoded_data)
        decoded_str = decoded_bytes.decode('utf-8')
        decoded_json = json.hundreds(decoded_str)
        # create partition_key attribute if it don't exists in state
        if partition_key not in state_across_window:
            state_across_window[partition_key] = {"min_spo2": decoded_json['spo2'], "max_spo2": decoded_json['spo2'], "avg_spo2": decoded_json['spo2'], "sum_spo2": decoded_json['spo2'], "min_heart_rate": decoded_json['heart_rate'], "max_heart_rate": decoded_json['heart_rate'], "avg_heart_rate": decoded_json['heart_rate'], "sum_heart_rate": decoded_json['heart_rate'], "min_temperature_f": decoded_json['temperature_f'], "max_temperature_f": decoded_json['temperature_f'], "avg_temperature_f": decoded_json['temperature_f'], "sum_temperature_f": decoded_json['temperature_f'], "record_count": 1}
        else:
            min_spo2 = state_across_window[partition_key]['min_spo2'] if state_across_window[partition_key]['min_spo2']  decoded_json['spo2'] else decoded_json['spo2']
            sum_spo2 = state_across_window[partition_key]['sum_spo2'] + decoded_json['spo2']
            min_heart_rate = state_across_window[partition_key]['min_heart_rate'] if state_across_window[partition_key]['min_heart_rate']  decoded_json['heart_rate'] else decoded_json['heart_rate']
            sum_heart_rate = state_across_window[partition_key]['sum_heart_rate'] + decoded_json['heart_rate']
            
            min_temperature_f = state_across_window[partition_key]['min_temperature_f'] if state_across_window[partition_key]['min_temperature_f']  decoded_json['temperature_f'] else decoded_json['temperature_f']
            sum_temperature_f = state_across_window[partition_key]['sum_temperature_f'] + decoded_json['temperature_f']
            
            record_count = state_across_window[partition_key]['record_count'] + 1
            avg_spo2 = sum_spo2/record_count
            avg_heart_rate = sum_heart_rate/record_count
            avg_temperature_f = sum_temperature_f/record_count
            
            state_across_window[partition_key] = {"min_spo2": min_spo2, "max_spo2": max_spo2, "avg_spo2": avg_spo2, "sum_spo2": sum_spo2, "min_heart_rate": min_heart_rate, "max_heart_rate": max_heart_rate, "avg_heart_rate": avg_heart_rate, "sum_heart_rate": sum_heart_rate, "min_temperature_f": min_temperature_f, "max_temperature_f": max_temperature_f, "avg_temperature_f": avg_temperature_f, "sum_temperature_f": sum_temperature_f, "record_count": record_count}
        
    # Decide if the window is last (window finish)
    is_final_window = occasion.get('isFinalInvokeForWindow', False)
    # Decide if the window is terminated (window ended early)
    is_terminated_window = occasion.get('isWindowTerminatedEarly', False)
    window_start = occasion['window']['start']
    window_end = occasion['window']['end']
    if is_final_window or is_terminated_window:
        firehose_client = boto3.shopper('firehose')
        firehose_stream = os.environ['FIREHOSE_STREAM_NAME']
        for key, worth in state_across_window.objects():
            worth['patient_id'] = key
            worth['window_start'] = window_start
            worth['window_end'] = window_end
            
            firehose_client.put_record(
                DeliveryStreamName= firehose_stream,
                Document={'Information': json.dumps(worth) }
            )
        
        return {
            "state": {},
            "batchItemFailures": []
        }
    else:
        print(f"interim name for window: ws: {window_start} we: {window_end}")
        return {
            "state": state_across_window,
            "batchItemFailures": []
        }

• The primary invocation incorporates an empty state object within the occasion. The operate returns a state object containing customized attributes which can be particular to the customized logic within the aggregation.
• The second invocation incorporates the state object supplied by the primary Lambda invocation. This operate returns an up to date state object with new aggregated values. Subsequent invocations observe this similar sequence. Following is a pattern of the aggregated state, which might be provided to subsequent Lambda invocations throughout the similar 10-minute tumbling window.

{
    "min_spo2": 88,
    "max_spo2": 90,
    "avg_spo2": 89.2,
    "sum_spo2": 625,
    "min_heart_rate": 21,
    "max_heart_rate": 22,
    "avg_heart_rate": 21.1,
    "sum_heart_rate": 148,
    "min_temperature_f": 90,
    "max_temperature_f": 91,
    "avg_temperature_f": 90.1,
    "sum_temperature_f": 631,
    "record_count": 7,
    "patient_id": "44",
    "window_start": "2025-05-29T20:51:00Z",
    "window_end": "2025-05-29T20:52:00Z"
}

• The ultimate invocation within the tumbling window has the isFinalInvokeForWindow flag set to the true. This incorporates the state returned by the newest Lambda invocation. This invocation is liable for passing aggregated state messages to the Information Firehose stream, which delivers information to the Amazon S3 bucket utilizing Iceberg information format.
• After the aggregated information is distributed to Amazon S3, you possibly can question the info utilizing Athena.

Question: SELECT * FROM "cfdb_>"."table_>"

Pattern results of the previous Athena question:

Occasion supply mapping with filtering

Lambda occasion supply mapping with filtering optimizes information processing from sources like Amazon Kinesis by making use of JSON sample filtering earlier than operate invocation. That is demonstrated within the ICU affected person monitoring resolution, the place the system filters for SpO2 readings from Kinesis Information Streams which can be beneath 90%. As a substitute of processing all incoming information, the filtering functionality is used to selectively processes solely vital readings, considerably lowering prices and processing overhead. The answer makes use of DynamoDB for stylish state administration, monitoring low SpO2 occasions by means of a schema combining PatientID and timestamp-based keys inside outlined monitoring home windows.

This state-aware implementation balances scientific urgency with operational effectivity by sending instant Amazon SNS notifications when vital circumstances are first detected whereas implementing a 15-minute alert suppression window to forestall alert fatigue amongst healthcare suppliers. By sustaining state throughout a number of Lambda invocations, the system helps guarantee speedy response to probably life-threatening conditions whereas minimizing pointless notifications for a similar affected person situation. The combination of Lambda’occasion filtering, DynamoDB state administration, and dependable alert supply supplied by Amazon SNS creates a sturdy, scalable healthcare monitoring resolution that exemplifies how AWS companies might be strategically mixed to handle advanced necessities whereas balancing technical effectivity with scientific effectiveness.

Filter sensor information Lambda code snippet:

sns_client = boto3.shopper('sns')
dynamodb = boto3.useful resource('dynamodb')
table_name = os.environ['DYNAMODB_TABLE']
sns_topic_arn = os.environ['SNS_TOPIC_ARN']
desk = dynamodb.Desk(table_name)
FIFTEEN_MINUTES = 15 * 60  # quarter-hour in seconds
def handler(occasion, context):
    for file in occasion['Records']:
        print(f"Aggregated occasion: {file}")
        encoded_data = file['kinesis']['data']
        partition_key = file['kinesis']['partitionKey']
        decoded_bytes = base64.b64decode(encoded_data)
        decoded_str = decoded_bytes.decode('utf-8')
        # Examine final notification timestamp from DynamoDB
        strive:
            response = desk.get_item(Key={'partition_key': partition_key})
            merchandise = response.get('Merchandise')
            now = int(time.time())
            if merchandise:
                last_sent = merchandise.get('timestamp', 0)
                if now - last_sent 

To generate an alert notification by means of the deployed resolution, replace the previous simulator code by setting the SpO2 worth to lower than 90 and run it once more. Inside 1 minute, it’s best to obtain an alert notification on the e mail deal with you supplied throughout stack creation. The next picture is an instance of an alert notification generated by the deployed resolution.

Clear up

To keep away from ongoing prices after finishing this tutorial, delete the CloudFormation stack that you simply deployed earlier on this publish. This may take away many of the AWS sources created for this resolution. You would possibly have to manually delete objects created in Amazon S3, as a result of CloudFormation gained’t take away non-empty buckets throughout stack deletion.

Conclusion

As demonstrated on this publish, you possibly can construct a serverless real-time analytics pipeline for healthcare monitoring through the use of AWS IoT Core, Amazon S3 buckets with iceberg format, and Amazon Kinesis Information Streams integration with AWS Lambda occasion supply mapping. This architectural strategy eliminates the necessity for advanced code whereas enabling speedy vital affected person care alerts and information aggregation for evaluation utilizing Lambda. The answer is especially worthwhile for healthcare organizations trying to modernize their affected person monitoring programs with real-time capabilities. The structure might be prolonged to deal with numerous medical gadgets and sensor information streams, making it adaptable for various healthcare monitoring situations. This publish presents one implementation strategy, and organizations adopting this resolution ought to make sure the structure and code meets their particular utility efficiency, safety, privateness, and regulatory compliance wants.

If this publish helps you or conjures up you to unravel an issue, we’d love to listen to about it!

Concerning the authors